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Saturday, August 27, 2022

‘Tip inflation’: Why Canadians are tipping more than ever - Global News

From takeout coffee, to hairstyling and fine dining – you may have noticed a phenomenon known as ‘tip creep’ or ‘tip inflation’ when you go to pay for a service.

It manifests in a couple of ways: tip requests on items you may not have ever tipped on before; and also an increase in the tip amount options presented to you.

Read more: Rising inflation eating into young Canadians’ disposable income: ‘It’s insane’

Personal finance expert Barry Choi says it’s a sign of the times as businesses and households across the country alike deal with rising interest rates and a rate of inflation we haven’t seen in four decades.

“People second-guess how much they should be tipping,” Choi tells Global News. “Ten per cent used to be a basic amount but these days 15 per cent is the bare minimum.”

Personal finance expert Barry Choi says tipping is a personal choice based on budget and service received. Photo supplied

Choi and Bridget Casey, founder of the financial platform Money After Graduation, agree there’s also a new appreciation for service workers whose livelihoods were disrupted multiple times by COVID-19 restrictions.

Read more: Canadians tipping more generously during COVID-19, new data finds 

“Everyone is struggling a lot right now financially,” Casey tells Global News. “Many of the people in the service industry especially are the most vulnerable to those rising prices because their wages have been stagnant for so many years.” She says with this in mind, tipping “20 per cent is normal.”

Click to play video: 'Inflation: Why the price of groceries are expected to rise' Inflation: Why the price of groceries are expected to rise
Inflation: Why the price of groceries are expected to rise – Jul 13, 2022

A national survey in April by the Angus Reid Institute (ARI) on behalf of Restaurants Canada suggests 44 per cent of people across the country are tipping more when dining out.

Women (47 per cent) are more likely to be boosting their gratuity compared with men (41 per cent) and those aged 55 and up (49 per cent) are being more generous these days. By province (the territories were not included in the survey), Ontario (53 per cent) and B.C. (45 per cent) led the pack while Albertans (34 per cent) were least likely to tip more.

Tipping more may be a tough pill to swallow for households that are struggling financially, and dealing with the cost of everyday goods rising as borrowing costs climb too, according to personal finance expert Rubina Ahmed-Haq.

Read more: What would you do with $5,000? Here’s what Canadians said amid high inflation

“A lot of people are already upset with the fact that they go to the grocery store, they pay more. They go to the gas station, they pay more. And now they’re picking up something that normally they just threw $1.50 on the table for and they’re being asked to tip,” says Ahmed-Haq.

A separate Angus Reid Institute poll suggests that four out of five people in Canada have cut spending this summer by either reducing their discretionary budget – which includes eating out, driving less, scaling back travel and donations to charity, putting off a major purchase or delaying saving for the future.

Tech-enabled tip inflation

One culprit behind this type of tip creep is technology – with digital payments increasing, retailers of all kinds have started adding tip prompts to their point-of-sale terminals.

“You get passed that terminal and what used to be 10 per cent, 15 per cent now starts at 20. I even recently saw a 30-per-cent tip suggestion, which is a bit ridiculous,” says Choi.

What’s more, he notes that the prompts are often on the total amount of the bill, rather than the pre-tax amount, which boosts the gratuity even more.

Ahmed-Haq’s solution for avoiding this type of tip creep is straightforward: pay cash and bypass the digital tip solicitation. If you’re feeling generous, you can always contribute to the tip jar.

Click to play video: 'Your Money: Tip Creep and Inflation' Your Money: Tip Creep and Inflation
Your Money: Tip Creep and Inflation – Aug 18, 2022

Choi suggests that not all tips should be created equal. He is inclined to tip a lot more for excellent service from a hairstylist but not necessarily an inflated tip, or any gratuity, at a takeout counter.

“If you’re coming in and grabbing your food, leaving and there’s no service involved, I don’t think you should feel shame or embarrassed if you’re not going to leave a tip in that scenario,” he says.

Read more: Calgary restaurant puts ‘really cool’ robot to work serving meals

However, given the new economic reality, Choi suggests that people who feel financially stretched when dining out cut back on the number of times they eat at a restaurant rather than cutting back on their tip amount.

Edmonton-based personal finance expert Bridget Casey
Edmonton-based Money After Graduation founder Bridget Casey urges tipping generously. Photo supplied

Casey says tipping more, if you can afford it, should be encouraged, even though service sector employers are quite literally passing the buck for living wages onto consumers.

Read more: Award-winning Edmonton-area restaurant implements ‘crisis pricing’ as food costs soar

“We have to vote and advocate for higher wages and better working conditions. In the meantime, so long as things are the way they are, we have to give money directly to these people whenever the opportunity presents itself,” she says.

With job openings across Canada at a new record high, including many in service and hospitality, tip creep may be another symptom of a tight labour market and a shortage of willing workers.

© 2022 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.

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‘Tip inflation’: Why Canadians are tipping more than ever - Global News
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Grand Theft Auto and Saints Row are becoming more inclusive — and some gamers don't like it - CBC.ca

Day 69:22Should I Play It: New Saints Row installment underwhelms Day 6 gaming columnist

The latest installment of the Saints Row video game series is out, the first one in nine years. Our gaming columnist Jonathan Ore tells us why he found its technology outdated and storyline less than compelling.

Gamers have been desperate for information on the newest Grand Theft Auto game.

But when reports emerged that the next instalment of the videogame franchise — in which hardened criminals wreak havoc with car chases, gunfights and plenty of curse words — will co-star a playable female character, a wave of negativity on social media and YouTube soon followed.

"The fat feminists have gone too far now," said one YouTuber.

"I can guarantee you if it's some woke bullshit, there's no way that this is going to outsell GTA 5," lamented another.

According to a report from Bloomberg's Jason Schreier, the sequel to 2013's Grand Theft Auto 5 will feature a Latina woman as one of the game's main characters. She'll be one half of a pair of characters inspired by the real-life criminal duo Bonnie and Clyde.

The report also said that developer studio Rockstar Games is tweaking the next game's humour. Previous GTA games drew criticism for jokes some labelled as sexist, racist and transphobic. Rockstar has apparently committed to not "punch down" on marginalized communities as much as in past instalments.

"People like me have been very excited [for the new release].... But unfortunately, as is the way of the gaming community, some people have been a lot more negative," said Eleni Thomas, a writer for the gaming and pop culture site Dexerto.

"There has been a lot of sexism as a result of this — things like people posting, you know, potential first mission ideas ... for the female protagonist to wash the dishes."

The report on the upcoming Grand Theft Auto, as well as the rocky reaction to it among some gamers and commentators online, is yet another example of the polarized discussion between fans eager for a fresh take on a long-running franchise and others resistant to more inclusive iterations of their favourite games.

Female leads more common today

According to Schreier's report, the new game is at least two years away from release. Rockstar and its publishing company, Take Two Interactive, previously confirmed the new game is in the works, but have not released any other details. 

The Bloomberg story cited more than 20 unnamed current and former Rockstar employees; the notoriously media-shy company did not make an official comment.

Day 69:58Grand Theft Auto 6 and the first female protagonist shaking things up

For the first time ever, the Grand Theft Auto series will have a fully voiced female protagonist. That’s thrilling news for some, but a vocal contingent of fans has expressed they have no interest in playing as a woman. Those responses have gaming journalist Eleni Thomas wondering whether Rockstar will stand behind their female protagonist or acquiesce to the pressure from those fans.

The report notes a possibly significant shift, said Thomas, considering the series hasn't had a playable female character since at least before 2001's Grand Theft Auto 3.

Since then, game series with women and non-white protagonists have risen in popularity, such as The Last of Us and Horizon.

But as big as those games may be, arguably none of them have the cultural cachet of Grand Theft Auto, a series that has grossed billions of dollars since its debut in 1997. Even now, GTA 5, which launched nearly 10 years ago, still makes the monthly bestseller charts.

Image of a large hotel in Los Angeles. Cartoon art of three characters from the video game Grand Theft Auto 5 are seen on the building's blank sides.
Billboards for Grand Theft Auto 5 are seen on a hotel in Los Angeles in September 2013. The series has a cultural cachet unmatched by most video games. (Nick Ut/The Associated Press)

"Grand Theft Auto is an older franchise and I think, in some ways ... it represents sort of what the gaming culture used to be," Thomas said. "It was, at that point in time, more male-driven, more male-dominated ... the industry, the community and the players themselves."

Saints Row stumbles

Just this week, another game series attempted to refresh itself, with mixed results.

Saints Row is the fifth in a series that debuted in 2006 as a competitor to the GTA games. Critics originally labelled it a GTA "clone," given its similar mission structure and tone. Later sequels differentiated themselves with a greater emphasis on slapstick comedy and science-fiction twists.

Early trailers revealed the new instalment — the first in nine years — would be a hard reboot, breaking away from the previous numbered sequels.

Computer generated illustration of four people standing next to each other in front of a brick wall covered in grafitti. All appear to be in their 20s to 30s in age. Left to right: an Asian man with short black hair, jeans and no shirt; a black woman with a purple shirt, purple sports coat and black jeans; a black man with an elaborate dress shirt, jacket and bow tie; a Latina woman with long black hair, large glasses, tshirt and sweat pants.
Promotional artwork for Saints Row 2022. The reboot of the long-running GTA-like games features a new cast, leaving behind the old crew of fan favourites. (Deep Silver Volition)

Gone were the previous games' cool guys and hot girls wielding a giant purple sex toy like a baseball bat. Replacing them was a quartet of millennial ne'er-do-wells who spend their off-time playing board games and singing karaoke.

The new cast is distinctly non-white, and players can customize the appearance and voice of The Boss, whom they control throughout the game, including options for male, female and gender-neutral features (as well as prosthetic limbs).

Like the Grand Theft Auto reports, some fans did not take the changes well. Critical reviews didn't show much love for the game, either. Saints Row currently holds a 63-69 per cent average on the reviews aggregator site Metacritic.

"The characters are not ... in the top-10 list of reasons why the Saints Row reboot doesn't work for me," said Jordan Middler, who called the game "a painfully generic open-world malaise" in his review for Video Games Chronicle.

'Pointless culture war'

Middler worries, however, that the discourse surrounding the game's new cast may drown out discussion over its actual weaknesses.

"When games are revealed these days, a certain small segment of the audience senses any kind of change that could be perceived as ammo in this ongoing, pointless culture war, that the game could somehow 'go woke' or anything like that," he said.

Computer generated image from a video game. In foreground, a man with a giant cartoon head with slicked hair and sunglasses is holding a rocket launcher. A black man with a white suit and machine gun is standing behind him.
A promotional screenshot for Saints Row 4, which was released in 2013. The series escalated its slapstick humour and off-the-wall scenarios before the 2022 reboot set a slightly more grounded tone. (Deep Silver Volition)

New takes on Saints Row, Grand Theft Auto and other games are simply a reflection of the fact that the people making them are aware of certain cultural shifts, says merritt k., managing editor at gaming site Fanbyte.

"The conversations and discussions around, you know, social dynamics, around race, around sexuality, around gender — all this stuff has changed ... a lot in mainstream spaces over the past decade," she said. "These conversations have become much more mainstream."

In a column, merritt wrote that the fervour of the debate ahead of Saints Row's launch was divided into two camps: people who were hoping the game would fail and those who argued that its financial success would mean a victory for progressive politics and representation.

"People do sometimes look at video games like Saints Row and think, oh, this is a barometer for the culture war, and is my side winning or is the other side winning," merritt told Day 6.

"Video games, obviously, like any media, can tell important stories and can make people feel seen and can facilitate human connection. But, you know, buying a game isn't fighting in a culture war, and isn't necessarily a political act."

Ultimately, the negative critical response to Saints Row may put a greater onus on the next Grand Theft Auto game to knock it out of the park.

"I think that's the biggest thing that Rockstar have to do ... just make sure that [the new heroine] isn't just a one-dimensional character," Thomas said.

"Prove the naysayers wrong by creating a character that even the people who have some hesitations ultimately fall in love with. I think that's the best way to respond."

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Grand Theft Auto and Saints Row are becoming more inclusive — and some gamers don't like it - CBC.ca
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Scottie Scheffler Is On Track To Win More Than Any Pro Golfer — Ever - Forbes

If he wins the FedEx Cup this weekend, Scheffler will set a new record for on-course earnings in a single PGA Tour season, blowing away the mark set by Rory Mcllroy in 2019.


Scottie Scheffler has been driving the same car since college, a Chevy Suburban that now has 178,000 miles and that he admits could use a wash. “As long as it keeps running, I’m probably going to keep driving it,” he told reporters a few weeks ago. Now, coming off undoubtedly the best season of his career and on the verge of history, he’s got more than enough money for an upgrade.

During the 2021-22 PGA Tour regular season, which began in September, the 26-year-old golfer set a record for official on-course earnings at just a shade over $14 million. If Scheffler wins at the Tour Championship on Sunday—he currently holds a two-stroke lead—he will collect another $18 million. Combined, that mark of $32 million for the regular season plus FedEx Cup playoffs would blow away the previous high by roughly $9 million. (Rory McIlroy earned a total of $22.8 million in 2019.)

It’s hard to overstate Scheffler’s dominance. He won four times this season in a span of just six starts, including the 2022 Masters at Augusta National Golf Club, where he fended off a late run from McIlroy to earn his first green jacket. He added another six top-five finishes en route to becoming the world’s top-ranked golfer in March. Thanks to performance bonuses on top of his base pay from sponsors that include Nike, TaylorMade and Titleist, Forbes estimates that Scheffler’s endorsement income over the past 12 months has grown to $12 million. His total haul of $44 million, including the potential FedEx Cup winnings, would have placed him sixth on Forbes’ recent list of the world’s ten highest-paid golfers, $1 million ahead of McIlroy. (Scheffler missed the list because the FedEx Cup playoffs fall outside its tracking window.)

“It’s a great time to be a good golfer,” says Martin Conway, a professor at the Georgetown University Sports Management Institute. “[This is a] combination of his talent and arriving at a time when the inflation in golf earning opportunities has never been better.”


THE TIMES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’

The PGA Tour’s average for winnings has risen exponentially over the past 40 years.


It’s true. Over the past decade, the on-course earning average for tour members has grown 57%, to $1.6 million. That figure balloons to an astronomical 4,094% when compared with 1980, the earliest publicly available data from the PGA Tour.

But even more cash is flowing into the sport thanks to the emergence of the LIV Golf. The upstart tour, which is backed by the $620 billion (assets) sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia, has not hesitated to shell out enormous sums just to entice players to its events. Thanks to exorbitant sign-on payments totaling an estimated $370 million, LIV placed seven golfers among the ten highest-paid in the world. Phil Mickelson, Dustin Johnson, Bryson DeChambeau and Brooks Koepka all reportedly received nine-figure guarantees, roughly half of which industry experts believe they received upfront.


“Scottie Scheffler is now equated to performance.”

Martin Conway, professor at the Georgetown University Sports Management Institute

Scheffler hasn’t been tied to any LIV rumors as of yet, but he’s definitely a benefactor of a perfect storm. In response to LIV, the PGA Tour has made changes to improve the paydays and conditions for its top players. On Wednesday, tour commissioner Jay Monahan announced a series of changes that include 12 “Elevated Events” for the 2023 regular season that will average $20 million in prize money, a doubling of the Player Impact Program to 20 players and $100 million, and a $500,000 guarantee for every fully exempt player. The PGA Tour also plans to return to a calendar-year schedule in 2024 and introduce a handful of events that, like LIV, have no “cut.”

“It’s like being a Major League Baseball player in 2023 compared to 2002,” Conway says. “Maybe it’s comparable, maybe you’re not even as good, but the purses and the earnings opportunities are sky high.”

The potential payoff for those at the very top of their game is even greater. “I think of it in terms of the multiplier effect,” Conway says. He adds that winning one of the four majors, ranking No. 1 or earning more money than anyone else could make sponsorship opportunities double, triple or even quadruple.

Scheffler, who joined the PGA Tour in 2018, is getting close to that status. Born in Ridgewood, New Jersey, he later moved to Dallas, where he attended Highland Park High, the alma mater of Los Angeles Rams quarterback Matthew Stafford and Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Clayton Kershaw. He too proved to be a natural winner, bringing home three straight individual state championships before leading the University of Texas to three Big 12 titles.

Can he similarly dominate the PGA Tour in years to come? Don’t bet against him.

“Scottie Scheffler is now equated to performance,” Conway says. “Ultimately he’s dependable and reliable. Performance day in and day out.”

MORE FROM FORBES

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Scottie Scheffler Is On Track To Win More Than Any Pro Golfer — Ever - Forbes
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Lift provides more access to Fort Erie pool - Niagara This Week

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Lift provides more access to Fort Erie pool  Niagara This Week
Lift provides more access to Fort Erie pool - Niagara This Week
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Friday, August 26, 2022

City of Burlington responding to more coyote attacks - burlington.ca

Burlington, Ont.—Aug. 26, 2022— Another unprovoked coyote attack was reported to the City of Burlington from a woman walking in Central Park around 6:30 a.m. on Aug. 24. She was treated at Joseph Brant Hospital for coyote scratches and released. City staff are also following up with health officials regarding a fifth unconfirmed attack on Mayzel Road, next to Central Park. The City is asking residents to be vigilant in these areas and report coyote sightings using the form at burlington.ca/servicerequest.

Anyone attacked by a coyote is advised to seek immediate medical attention and report the attack to the Halton Region Health Department and to the City of Burlington Animal Services at animalservices@burlington.ca or 905-335-3030.

These attacks are uncharacteristic of coyotes and this cluster of attacks on humans are the first reported in Burlington.

The City of Burlington, with the expertise of a Certified Wildlife Control Professional, is urgently dealing with these most recent attacks and a den of coyotes related to the unprovoked attacks. The den is located on a private lot and City staff have contacted the owners to remove vegetation and fallen trees. They have seven days to comply with the City order to clean up the building site, so it is no longer an attractive denning site for coyotes.

Municipalities are responsible for taking appropriate actions to manage resident coyote sightings, encounters and attacks and take appropriate action. If a coyote attacks a person, the City has a Council approved Coyote Response Strategy in place that is currently being followed to prioritize and deal with this situation.

City of Burlington staff will present a report to council on coyote management recommendations at the Corporate Services, Strategy, Risk and Accountability Committee Meeting on Wednesday, Sept. 14 for approval at the City of Burlington Council Meeting on Tuesday, Sept. 20.

Burlington is a city where people, nature and businesses thrive. Sign up to learn more about Burlington at burlington.ca/subscribe and follow @CityBurlington on social media.

Quick Facts

  • In 2015, Burlington City Council approved a Coyote Response Strategy that provides guidelines on preventing and managing conflicts with coyotes.
  • These are the first reported coyote attacks on humans in Burlington.
  • Coyotes are native to North America and can be found living in urban and rural areas.
  • Food sources like mice, rats, and garbage are readily available in urban areas, attracting coyotes to residential neighbourhoods.
  • Concerns about direct or indirect feeding of wildlife can be reported to Animal Control at animalshelter.mailbox@burlington.ca
  • Hand feeding and ground feeding wildlife on private or public property is prohibited by the city’s Lot Maintenance Bylaw (49-2022) and is subject to a fine.
  • To request an audit of your yard for coyote attractants by city Animal Control staff, please email animalshelter.mailbox@burlington.ca.

Links and Resources

Map of coyote attacks

This map pinpoints the unprovoked coyote attacks in the City of Burlington

Map pinpointing five unprovoked coyote attacks in south central Burlington

-30-

Media contact:
Carla Marshall
Communications Advisor
carla.marshall@burlington.ca

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City of Burlington responding to more coyote attacks - burlington.ca
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Alpine boss wishes Oscar Piastri had 'a bit more integrity' - ESPN

Alpine boss Otmar Szafnauer has accused Oscar Piastri of lacking integrity and said he's gone back on his word by trying to race for McLaren.

Piastri is in the middle of a legal dispute between McLaren and Alpine, with both teams set to visit the FIA's contract recognition board next week to see which of them has the valid deal for 2023.

McLaren hopes Piastri will replace the outgoing Daniel Ricciardo but Alpine announced during the summer break he would replace Fernando Alonso, something Piastri denied in a now-infamous Twitter statement.

Piastri is an Alpine academy member and the French manufacturer has laid on an extensive testing programme at great expense to prepare him for F1.

Szafnauer made his feelings on the Piastri situation clear ahead of Sunday's Belgian Grand Prix.

"My wish for Oscar was he had a bit more integrity," Szafnauer told Sky Sports on Friday.

"He signed a bit of paper as well back in November and we've done everything on our end of the bargain to prepare him for Formula One and his end of the bargain was to either drive for us or take a seat where we would place him for the next three years.

"I just wish Oscar would have remembered what he signed in November, what he signed up to."

Most in F1 assume McLaren's contract with Piastri will be upheld for next year.

Assuming that is the case, Ricciardo appears to be a prime candidate for Alpine, the team he raced for in 2019 and 2020 when it was called Renault.

Although Alpine will wait for Piastri's future to be settled before starting negotiations elsewhere, Szafnauer hinted at his interest in the eight-time race winner.

"The team speak very highly of Daniel and his time here. We haven't had those strategic discussions yet but everybody that I ask, the engineering team, they really speak highly of his skill as a driver and a team motivator."

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Alpine boss wishes Oscar Piastri had 'a bit more integrity' - ESPN
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A tiny fraction of the high seas are protected. Why a UN treaty is needed now more than ever - CBC News

As two weeks of negotiations at United Nations headquarters in New York City wrap up Friday, many hope the culmination will be a legally binding international agreement to conserve and protect marine biodiversity in the high seas.

The treaty has been more than a decade in the making, but at the previous round of talks held earlier this year, delegates failed to nail down the specifics.

With climate change, fishing, shipping and resource extraction intensifying pressure on one of the last wild places on Earth, calls for a UN high seas biodiversity treaty for areas beyond national jurisdiction, also known as BBNJ, are more urgent than ever.

While international waters represent two-thirds of the world's oceans — and 95 per cent of habitable space on the planet — only about one per cent are protected.

"More and more studies have been showing that marine species have been rapidly going extinct and we need to take a bold action," said Jihyun Lee, a youth ambassador on the High Seas Alliance, made up of more than 40 NGOs seeking to conserve the high seas.

"We don't have any time to waste," she said during a press briefing at the UN on Wednesday.

Daniel Wagner, chief scientist of the Ocean Exploration Trust, agrees. He's observed past BBNJ negotiations and said it's critical that nations agree to an overarching treaty enforcing sustainable use of international waters.

"This is an area that for a long time has been a little bit of a Wild West," Wagner said in an interview with CBC News from Honolulu. 

"It's not like there are no absolutely no rules, but there's really a piecemeal and fragmented approach at the moment. We need to bring all of this together and have a holistic way of managing our ocean."

WATCH | Scientists aboard the EV Nautilus encounter sperm whale: 

On expeditions aboard the EV Nautilus, a research vessel owned by the Ocean Exploration Trust, Wagner and his fellow scientists study unexplored parts of the ocean and share their discoveries via online live streams to raise awareness.

"When most people think about the high seas, the only image they would think [about] is maybe what you see when you look out of an airplane window — this vast expanse of nothingness and emptiness," he said.

"But when you get to be fortunate, like myself and others ... if you look in the right places, there are some really extraordinary things out there."

Daniel Wagner, chief scientist of the Ocean Exploration Trust, studies a deep-sea crinoid, also called a feather star, aboard the Okeanos Explorer, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship that does deep-sea surveys. (NOAA)

From deep-sea corals to ecosystems built around hydrothermal vents, Wagner says there's a remarkable wilderness to be discovered.

"We don't really know what's there. We don't really know the connections of many things," he said.

Deep-sea mining: solution or threat? 

Without a treaty, many fear that international waters will be exploited for their resources before scientists can study the life there — and understand the potential impacts of human encroachment.

Already, as energy transition creates a hunger for precious metals to build batteries, companies are eyeing the ocean floor as a resource to harvest.

That includes a Vancouver-based mining startup called The Metals Company, which hopes to start mining polymetallic nodules by 2024.

A screen grab from a video shows the seafloor in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, covered by polymetallic nodules.
A screen grab from a video provided by The Metals Company shows the seabed in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, covered with polymetallic nodules. The Vancouver-based mining startup is one of 18 companies that has received a mining exploration contract in the CCZ. (The Metals Company)

It is one of 18 companies that has received a contract for mining exploration in what's called the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), the seabed in international waters off the coast of the Pacific island nation of Nauru, northeast of Australia.

The Metals Company CEO Gerard Barron told CBC News that he believes land-based mining won't be able to fill the world's needs and that deep-sea mining is the answer.

"When you start adding up the metal intensity of moving away from fossil fuels, we don't have a choice of just doing one or the other. We have to make land-based mining more efficient, but we also have to explore new frontiers," Barron said.

The concept behind seabed mining, which is in the exploratory phase of development, is to gather mineral deposits from the ocean floor using a variety of deep-sea technologies. There are three key deposits of interest: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt crusts.

Seabed is more than a desert

Proponents of the industry say it's a lower-impact alternative to land-based mining that can provide the minerals needed to build more electric vehicles.

"Of course, things have an impact. The notion that we can have no impacts, that's a fairy tale," Barron said. "The question is, what will be the impacts and how can we mitigate those impacts? And then how do those set of impacts compare to what is happening today?"

An underwater image captured by a remotely operated vehicle shows a nodule collector vehicle driving across the sea floor during a recent trial run by The Metals Company in the Atlantic Ocean. (The Metals Company)

When asked what his company's study of biodiversity in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone has revealed, Barron said that about 80 per cent of organisms in that area are bacteria, while the rest are mostly various sea worms, sea stars and some fish that "move away when we travel past them."

"I could play you videos of thousands of hours of sea-floor footage that we have and you just don't see much."

But environmentalists and scientists warn against oversimplifying the impacts of sea-floor mining by looking at only one aspect of an ocean's interconnected web of life.

"Even though our eyes don't pick up these tiny creatures, they are massive in importance in terms of carbon cycling, oxygen cycles and how nutrients move around," Wagner said.

A new order of cnidaria, a type of invertebrate, was found 4,100 metres down in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, where it lives on sponge stalks attached to polymetallic nodules. (NOAA/Craig Smith and Diva Amon)

Catherine Coumans, research co-ordinator for MiningWatch Canada, said the sea floor of the high seas is hardly an underwater desert.

"If you strip mine the seabed for minerals and metals, and destroy the biodiversity that exists there, that will have impacts and effects on all of the biodiversity in the water column above the seabed," she said in an interview from Ottawa.

"It's almost like having a tropical forest and saying, 'We're just going to remove all the soil and all the microbes, micro-organisms and everything that's in the soil, and somehow the rest of the forest is going to be fine.'"

Safeguarding that ecosystem is why, Coumans said, a UN high seas treaty is desperately needed. 

Looking at the ocean holistically 

Currently it's the duty of the International Seabed Authority to govern mineral-related activities in the international seabed and ensure protection of the marine environment.

But there are concerns that big-picture impacts of deep-sea mining in the ocean won't be prioritized without a high seas treaty because of the disjointed way that international waters are governed.

WATCH | EV Nautilus explores biodiversity on never-before-surveyed seamount: 

"Right now it's kind of the right hand and the left hand pretending like it's two separate things — you know, 'our jurisdiction is the water column and your jurisdiction is the seabed' — as though those things are not intimately connected," Coumans said.

The bottom line, Wagner said, is that scientists simply don't know enough yet to say whether deep-sea mining can be done responsibly.

"We've only mapped about 20 per cent of the sea floor to a decent resolution. We've only laid eyes on a fraction of a per cent of the sea floor. So we don't really know what's there. We don't really know the connections of many things."

That's why Wagner and others say the priority should be to invest in the study and understanding of the high seas — and agree on a treaty that specifies mechanisms and processes to conserve biodiversity in international waters.

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A tiny fraction of the high seas are protected. Why a UN treaty is needed now more than ever - CBC News
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Lupus and other autoimmune diseases strike far more women than men. Now there's a clue why - CTV News

WASHINGTON - Women are far more likely than men to get autoimmune diseases, when an out-of-whack immune system attacks their own bodies -...